more on evolutionary misalignment
Evolutionary Misalignment is the idea that human beings—and indeed all living organisms—are the products of millions of years of evolution shaped by specific environmental pressures and selective forces. This process produced a suite of psychological and behavioral predispositions that were advantageous for survival and reproduction within particular ancestral contexts. Modern society, however, is radically different from the environments in which these predispositions evolved. Humans were shaped to live in small, kin-based tribes of a few dozen to a few hundred individuals—not in vast, impersonal nation-states of millions. Our social instincts, moral intuitions, and emotional architectures evolved for tribal life: direct reciprocity, face-to-face cooperation, and immediate consequences for loyalty or betrayal. Today, those same instincts are forced to operate within enormous, abstract systems—bureaucracies, corporations, and digital networks—that bear little resemblance to the ance...